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trace fossils

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TRACE FOSSILS

TRACE FOSSILS ARE SO IMPORTANT,FOR INTERPRETING THE PALEOINVIRONMENTS

Fossilized evidence of animal behavior, also known as ichnofossils, biogenic sedimentary structures, bioerosion structures, or lebensspuren. The fossils include burrows, trails, and trackways created by animals in unconsolidated sediment (see illustration), as well as borings, gnawings, raspings, and scrapings excavated by organisms in harder materials, such as rock, shell, bone, or wood. Some workers also consider coprolites (fossilized feces), regurgitation pellets, burrow excavation pellets, rhizoliths (plant root penetration structures), and algal stromatolites to be trace fossils. See also Stromatolite.

Spirorhaphe) and a meshlike network of tunnels (Paleodictyon). Tertiary, Austria. (Photograph by W. H?ntzschel)" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE703400FG0010.gif">
Agrichnial farming traces (burrows produced in order to farm or trap food inside the sediment) of unknown organisms, including a double-spiral tunnel (Spirorhaphe) and a meshlike network of tunnels (Paleodictyon). Tertiary, Austria. (Photograph by W. H?ntzschel)

نویسنده: کوروش بهارمست(پنج شنبه 86/10/27 ساعت 11:34 عصر)

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FOR GEOLOGISTS

THIS ARTISTIC WORK IS DEDICATED TO ALL POOR GEOLOGISTS WHO WORK NIGHT AND DAY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS RIGHT AND WHAT IS WRONG

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VERTEBRATE FOSSILS

ALL YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT VERTEBRATE FOSSILS

Teeth, spines, bones, and scales

The teeming life in the shallow seawater and the fresh- brackish water lakes is evidenced by common teeth, spines, and scales. These are generally quite small (less than 1 cm) but large teeth (up to 2-3 cm) may be found. Top figure from Harper (1990). Bottom two figures from d"Invilliers and Lyman (1895).

Occasional fish bones may be found, particularly in the non-marine Duquesne limestone, which has yielded bones of lungfish Monongahela and Sagenodus (Harper, 1990)

Other remains, such as bones of amphibians and reptiles, are very uncommon by may be found with careful searching. Although nearly any non marine formation may yield vertebrate fossils, places to begin to look include (based on Harper, 1990):

The Pittsburgh Red Beds, particularly in the Turtle Creek Valley near Pitcairn (finback mammal-like reptile Edaphosaurus and the large amphibian Eryops).
The gray limestones just below the Pittsburgh coal (amphibians Sagendus and Orthocanthus).
The freshwater limestones of the Monongahela and Dunkard Groups.

VERY IMPORTANT: If you should be fortunate enough to find vertebrate fossils, please contact The Carnegie Natural History Museum as they may be extremely important from a scientific standpoint.

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belemnitoida

Belemnoidea.

Belemnites (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, very similar in many ways to the modern squid and closely related to the modern cuttlefish. Like them, the belemnites possessed an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they possessed ten arms of roughly equal length and no tentacles.

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often accompanying their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period along with the ammonites. The belemnites" origin lies within the bactritoid nautiloids, which date from the Devonian period; well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Early Carboniferous) onward through the Cretaceous. Other fossil cephalopods include baculites, nautiloids and goniatites.

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gryphea

www.fossils.parsiblog.com


گریفه ا

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dactyloceras


داکتیلوسراس(امونیت).

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What eats a Cephalopod

What eats a Cephalopod
There is plenty of evidence from fossils that cephalopods were preyed apon. Some contain markings that look like scratches from a fight with a crab (pinch markings). The sperm whale (of today) is known to favor a meal consisting of any kind of squid, but mostly the infamous giant squid.

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Where would you find a Cephalopod

Where would you find a Cephalopod
Cephalopods are strictly marine and usually live in the deeper waters of the ocean, but there are known species known to live in shallow waters. It is difficult to tell where a fossilized cephalopod may have lived because the shell may travel great distances before it finally settles into the sediment to be fossilized. Almost all cepholopods were/ are nektonic, which means that they lived far above the floor in the water column, but there are some that live close to the sea floor.

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cephalopoda

Cephalopods are the largest and among the most complex invertebrates ever found in the fossil record. The most common modern cephalopoda are the nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, and octopus which all contain a prominent head wtih tentacles and a beak-like mouth, a pair of complex, highly developed eyes, and sometimes a posterior shell is present. All cephalopods can reach lengths up to 16m in length .

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